Which term refers to unfair treatment based on personal characteristics or attributes?

The term that best describes unfair treatment based on personal characteristics or attributes is discrimination. Discrimination occurs when individuals or groups are treated unjustly or unequally due to specific traits such as race, gender, age, sexual orientation, disability, or other personal characteristics. This behavior can manifest in various settings, including workplaces, educational institutions, and public services, often resulting in significant social and economic consequences for those affected.

In contrast, the other terms do not accurately capture the specific notion of unfair treatment. Disparaging terms relate to derogatory language used to belittle or insult individuals, which doesn't directly indicate systematic unfair treatment. Equality denotes a state of being equal in rights, status, or opportunities, which is the opposite of the unfair treatment implied in the question. Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or judgments about individuals or groups that are not based on reason or actual experience, but it does not necessarily entail actions or systemic unfair treatment. Discrimination specifically addresses the unequal application of policies or practices that disadvantage individuals based on their personal attributes, making it the most fitting choice.